The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization‘s level of technological advancement, based on the amount of energy a civilization is able to utilize directed towards communication.[1] The scale has three designated categories called Type I, II, and III. A Type I civilization is able to utilize and store energy available from its neighboring star which reaches their planet, Type II is able to harness the energy of the entire star (the most popular hypothetic concept being the Dyson sphere—a device which would encompass the entire star and transfer its energy to the planet), and Type III civilization are in control of energy on the scale of their entire host galaxy.[2] The scale is hypothetical, and regards energy consumption on a cosmic scale. It was first proposed in 1964 by the SovietastronomerNikolai Kardashev. Various extensions of the scale have been proposed since, from a wider range of power levels (types 0, IV and V) to the use of metrics other than pure power.
In 1964, Kardashev defined three levels of civilizations, based on the order of magnitude of power available to them:
Type I
“Technological level close to the level presently attained on earth, with energy consumption at ≈4×1019erg/sec (4 × 1012 watts).”[1] Guillermo A. Lemarchand stated this as “A level near contemporary terrestrial civilization with an energy capability equivalent to the solar insolation on Earth, between 1016 and 1017 watts.”[3]
Type II
“A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own star”–for example, the stage of successful construction of a Dyson sphere–“with energy consumption at ≈4×1033 erg/sec.”[1] Lemarchand stated this as “A civilization capable of utilizing and channeling the entire radiation output of its star. The energy utilization would then be comparable to the luminosity of our Sun, about 4×1033 erg/sec (4×1026watts).”[3]
Type III
“A civilization in possession of energy on the scale of its own galaxy, with energy consumption at ≈4×1044 erg/sec.”[1] Lemarchand stated this as “A civilization with access to the power comparable to the luminosity of the entire Milky Way galaxy, about 4×1044 erg/sec (4×1037 watts).”[3]
Michio Kaku suggested that humans may attain Type I status in 100–200* years, Type II status in a few thousand years, and Type III status in 100,000 to a million years.[4]
Carl Sagan suggested defining intermediate values (not considered in Kardashev’s original scale) by interpolating and extrapolating the values given above for types I (1016 W), II (1026 W) and III (1036 W), which would produce the formulawhere value K is a civilization’s Kardashev rating and P is the power it uses, in watts. Using this extrapolation, a “Type 0” civilization, not defined by Kardashev, would control about 1 MW of power, and humanity’s civilization type as of 1973 was about 0.7 (apparently using 10 terawatt (TW) as the value for 1970s humanity).[5]
In 2012, total world energy consumption was 553 exajoules (7020553000000000000♠553×1018 J=153,611 TWh),[6] equivalent to an average power consumption of 17.54 TW (or 0.724 on Sagan’s Kardashev scale).
In 2015, a study of galactic mid-infrared emissions came to the conclusion that “Kardashev Type-III civilizations are either very rare or do not exist in the local Universe”.[7] On October 14, 2015, the realization of a strange pattern of light surrounding star KIC 8462852 has raised speculation that a Dyson Sphere (Type II civilization) may have been discovered.[8][9][10][11][12]
Type I civilization methods
Large-scale application of fusion power. According to mass-energy equivalence, Type I implies the conversion of about 2 kg of matter to energy per second. An equivalent energy release could theoretically be achieved by fusing approximately 280 kg of hydrogen into helium per second,[13] a rate roughly equivalent to 8.9×109 kg/year. A cubic km of water contains about 1011 kg of hydrogen, and the Earth’s oceans contain about 1.3×109 cubic km of water, meaning that humans on Earth could sustain this rate of consumption over geological time-scales, in terms of available hydrogen.
Antimatter in large quantities would have a mechanism to produce power on a scale several magnitudes above our current level of technology. In antimatter-matter collisions, the entire rest mass of the particles is converted to radiant energy. Their energy density (energy released per mass) is about four orders of magnitude greater than that from using nuclear fission, and about two orders of magnitude greater than the best possible yield from fusion.[14] The reaction of 1 kg of anti-matter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8×1017J (180 petajoules) of energy.[15] Although antimatter is sometimes proposed as a source of energy, this does not appear feasible. Artificially producing antimatter – according to current understanding of the laws of physics – involves first converting energy into mass, so no net gain results. Artificially created antimatter is only usable as a medium of energy storage, not as an energy source, unless future technological developments (contrary to the conservation of the baryon number, such as a CP violation in favour of antimatter) allow the conversion of ordinary matter into anti-matter. Theoretically, humans may in the future have the capability to cultivate and harvest a number of naturally occurring sources of antimatter.[16][17][18]
Renewable energy through converting sunlight into electricity — either by using solar cells and concentrating solar power or indirectly through wind and hydroelectric power. There is no known way for human civilization to use the equivalent of the Earth’s total absorbed solar energy without completely coating the surface with human-made structures, which is not feasible with current technology. However, if a civilization constructed very large space-based solar powersatellites, Type I power levels might become achievable–these could convert sunlight to microwave power and beam that to collectors on Earth.
Now, a lot of people don’t think currently in the proper way to comprehend a Type I civilization. They figure that they get 70 to 80 trips around the sun on planet earth, and then they die to reside in some heaven of their chosen religion. But that is a choice relative only to the experience of life on earth and the mythologies of our evolution. There is no rational reason as a human being to die or to be limited to the kinds of scientific limits we currently experience. If the miracles of capitalism were to be unleashed with people like Donald Trump who would not allow special interests and old national desires for ancient bloodlines to guide their decision-making, which is what is happening right now, our global society could move toward a Type I civilization as opposed to following the Vico cycle back toward a collective swarm of nomads running from anarchy.
We are truly on a unique precipice in history. A lot of what Sean Stone is talking about is potential that is available right now. The reason those things are not available to us are for the same reasons that established politicians are still reluctant to accept that Donald Trump or Ted Cruz are leading the Republican field for President of the United States—because the established order wants to keep things the way that they are now—which benefits them. Most of them are like Plato’s cave, also shown above and told by Alex Jones—they believe in certain things, whether it’s their version of an afterlife, or that some superior species of aliens runs the universe and that they must surrender to their whims, or perhaps they believe that their bloodline is their version of eternity and that the way to stay in power is to preserve the organized world around the same power structures that existed when their grandparents were kings. But in reality all those limits are stupid. They are archaic. I wrote about the Plato metaphor a long time before Alex Jones used that allegory described above—but that’s OK, people come to things in their own way. Most of our society has been trained to look at the shadows on the wall. They have no idea what’s really behind them, or even more so, what’s outside the cave.
Now here we are. What Sean Stone is saying is actually quite true regarding the restricted science and the reasons for it. Everywhere I look I see people ready to go back to what they know—back to the beginning of civilization because they don’t have the courage to step into a Type I. They are like alcoholics who cannot stay off the bottle or fat people who know they have to lose weight but cannot stop eating comfort food whenever they are sad about something. Mankind is addicted to the Vico cycle and that is exactly what socialists are advocating. The good Illuminati that Stone was referring to was a point in the history of the world where thinkers like Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin questioned the reality of the day and tossed it out for the world to consider—which it has struggled with for a few hundred years. Now there are a few people, like Sean Stone, myself, and a few others who have seen what’s outside the cave and are holding flashlights for those staring at the shadows to turn their heads and follow the light out of the cave—so they can finally see reality. But that takes courage, and for most of them—that is too great of a task to master. Will it be a Type I society, or will it be the Vico cycle. Socialists have already picked anarchy and we all know what follows that.